How Are Navajo Rugs Made?

You've likely admired the intricate patterns and vibrant colors of Native American and Navajo carpets, but have you ever wondered about their creation? These beautiful creations are steeped in rich history dating back to the early 18th century.

This article will take you on a journey, unraveling the fascinating process of how these traditional handwoven pieces come to be. Read on and weave your way through this intriguing tapestry of culture, craftsmanship, and tradition!

Key Takeaways

• Navajo rugs are traditional handwoven pieces that have a rich history dating back to the 18th century.

• The process of making Navajo rugs involves using high-quality wool from Navajo-Churro sheep and carefully hand-spinning it into yarn.

• Natural undyed sheep wool and natural or commercial dyes are used to create vibrant colors in the rugs.

• Navajo weavers use a technique called tapestry weaving, where they interlace different colored yarns to create intricate patterns and designs.

• The motifs and designs found in Navajo rugs often have symbolic meanings related to Navajo religious beliefs.

History of Navajo Weaving

Navajo weaving has a rich history influenced by Pueblo traditions and early records indicate the wider commerce of their textiles.

Pueblo Influence

The Pueblo Indians had a big part in Navajo weaving. They lived in the Four Corners area before the Navajo people came. The Pueblo people knew how to weave and may have taught the Navajos this skill when they moved into the area.

Over time, new styles came from European-American merchants who saw Navajo weaving and added their own ideas. These changes made bold, bright designs that make today's rugs so special.

Even with these new styles, many of the old ways are still used in making of every rug or blanket.

Early Records

Men began to write about the Navajo rugs in the 1850s. They said that these rugs were amazing and very well made. In fact, army men from Fort Defiance wrote letters home about them.

They loved how warm these rugs kept them during cold winters. Traders also saw this art as a way to earn money. So, they brought more sheep for the tribe to raise for their wool.

Around this time, traders started selling Navajo weavings widely too. The Santa Fe Trail became a new route for trading goods at this time. This trail helped many people learn about the great art of Navajo weaving.

Wider Commerce

People came from far to trade for Navajo rugs. In 1822, the Santa Fe Trail opened. This made it easy for more people to buy the rugs. The trail helped grow the rug business a lot. More people meant more trade and the Navajo economy got better because of this.

Shops were set up along this road and they sold many rugs.

Recent Developments

In recent years, Navajo weavers have been incorporating kilim motifs into their designs, adding a new element to their traditional techniques. This has allowed for more experimentation with geometric and biomorphic abstraction in the creation of Navajo rugs.

Additionally, modern Navajo rug makers now use both natural and commercial dyes to achieve vibrant coloration in their textiles. While historically used for utilitarian purposes within the Navajo community, these rugs have gained popularity as sought-after trade items among non-Native tourists and for export.

These recent developments reflect the evolving nature of Navajo weaving and its adaptation to meet contemporary demands while still honoring ancient traditions.

Understanding Navajo Rug Construction

Navajo rug construction involves using wool and yarn, choosing coloration techniques, and employing a detailed weaving process. Discover how these intricate textiles are made and appreciate the skill behind them.

Wool and Yarn

Navajo rugs are made using wool from Navajo-Churro sheep. These sheep produce high-quality wool that is perfect for weaving traditional Navajo rugs. The wool is carefully hand-spun into yarn before it is used in the rug-making process.

Natural undyed sheep wool and natural or commercial dyes are both used to create the vibrant colors found in Navajo rugs. By utilizing natural dyes, these rugs have a unique color palette that reflects the beauty of nature.

From the quality of the wool to the use of natural dyes, every step in creating a Navajo rug is done with great care and attention to detail.

Coloration

Navajo rugs are well-known for their vibrant and unique coloration. In the past, these textiles showcased strong geometric patterns and bold colors. The coloration of Navajo rugs is achieved using natural undyed sheep wool, as well as natural and commercial dyes.

Weavers also incorporate kilim motifs into their designs, which might have influenced the color choices. These distinct color schemes make Navajo rugs stand out and reflect the rich artistic traditions of the Navajo people.

So whether it's earth tones or bright hues, you can expect a wide range of beautiful colors in Navajo rugs.

Weaving Process

Navajo rugs are made through a weaving process. Here's how it works:

• The weaver begins by setting up a loom, which is a frame used to hold the rug in place.

• They use natural undyed sheep wool to create the base of the rug.

• Natural and commercial dyes are then applied to add color to the design.

• The weaver uses a technique called tapestry weaving, where they interlace different colored yarns to create patterns and designs.

• The design can be geometric or pictorial, depending on the weaver's preference.

• The weaver carefully monitors the tension of the yarn as they weave to ensure an even and tight finish.

• Once the weaving is complete, the weaver finishes off the edges by tying knots or using other decorative techniques.

• Finally, the rug is cleaned and finished before it is ready for sale or display.

Navajo Rug and Navajo Religion

Navajo rugs hold deep significance in Navajo religion and spirituality. The weaving process itself is considered a sacred act, with the loom representing the universe and the weaver connecting to both their ancestors and spiritual beings.

In Navajo mythology, it is said that Spider Woman taught the art of weaving to the Navajo people, making it an integral part of their cultural identity.

The motifs and designs found in Navajo rugs often have symbolic meanings related to Navajo religious beliefs. For example, certain geometric patterns represent concepts like harmony and balance, while others depict elements from nature or stories from traditional legends.

These designs not only reflect the beauty of nature but also serve as visual expressions of prayer and reverence.

Navajo weavers believe that creating these intricate textiles brings blessings to their homes and communities. Through their skillful craftsmanship, they honor their ancestors and uphold cultural traditions.

The connection between Navajo rug weaving and spirituality highlights the importance of preserving this ancient art form for future generations to appreciate and understand its rich cultural heritage.

Styles and Designs of Navajo Rugs

Navajo rugs have evolved over time, with various styles and designs emerging during different periods of Navajo weaving history.

Early Classic Period

During the Early Classic Period, which refers to the time between the late 1700s and mid-1800s, Navajo rugs showcased delicate and sophisticated designs.

These textiles were highly sought after for their refined craftsmanship.

The weaving techniques used during this period were similar to those seen in kilims from Eastern Europe and Western Asia. The Early Classic Navajo rugs featured strong geometric patterns, reflecting the influence of Pueblo Indian neighbors.

These intricately woven pieces served both utilitarian purposes and as symbols of cultural pride within the Navajo community.

Classic Period

During the Classic Period of Navajo rug making, which occurred from the mid-1800s to around 1900, there was significant development in the design and style of these beautiful textiles.

This period is particularly known for the evolution of the "Chief's" blanket, which went through three distinct phases of design. Geometric patterns and vibrant colors were commonly seen in Navajo rugs during this time.

The weavers used natural materials like wool and cotton, and traditional weaving tools such as a vertical loom. The designs of these rugs were influenced by traditional Navajo beliefs and cultural symbols.

Chief's Blankets

Chief's blankets are a unique style of Navajo rugs that were highly valued and used by Navajo chiefs and other important individuals. These blankets are known for their horizontal weaving technique and bold patterns.

The designs often consist of serrated diamonds, stepped patterns, and stripes. Chief's blankets served various purposes, including being worn as clothing, used as saddle blankets, or displayed during ceremonies.

They were an important symbol of status and prestige within the Navajo culture.

Transitional Period

During the Transitional Period, which lasted from 1868 to 1900-10, Navajo weavers experienced significant changes in their craft. This period marked a shift from creating utilitarian weavings to weaving rugs that were more suitable for use in Anglo homes and appealing to non-Native tourists.

One important development during this time was the introduction of commercially spun wool yarn and machine-spun plied cotton string. These new materials allowed weavers to create rugs with brighter colors and more intricate designs.

The popularity of "Germantown" Navajo rugs, woven from machine-spun wool yarn, also grew during this period. These changes reflected the influence of non-Native markets and signaled a transition in Navajo weaving practices.

Eye Dazzler Period

The Eye Dazzler Period is a significant era in the history of Navajo rugs. During this time, which occurred towards the end of the 19th century, Navajo weavers created rugs with strong geometric patterns.

These designs were inspired by kilim motifs introduced by European-American merchants. It was during this period that Navajo weavers began making rugs specifically for non-Native tourists and for export.

The Eye Dazzler rugs became popular due to their vibrant colors and bold designs, captivating anyone who laid eyes on them.

Early Rug Period

During the Early Rug Period, which occurred in the late 19th and early 20th centuries, Navajo textiles started to change. Instead of being made for everyday use, they began to be created specifically for trade with Anglo settlers.

This period saw a shift from using hand-spun wool yarn and natural dyes to commercially spun wool yarn and machine-spun plied cotton string. One type of rug that gained popularity during this time was called "Germantown" rugs, which were woven from machine-spun wool yarn.

These rugs played a significant role in the transition of Navajo weaving from utilitarian items to highly sought-after art pieces by collectors.

Rug Revival Period

During the Rug Revival Period, which took place from the 1930s to 1950, there was a resurgence in the Navajo rug industry. This period brought new life and innovation to the art of weaving.

One significant development during this time was the reintroduction of vegetable dyes, which added vibrant colors to the rugs. Weavers began incorporating stylized Classic or semi-classic designs into their creations.

The Crystal Revival, Chinle, and Wide Ruins regional styles emerged as distinctive patterns during this period. Bruce Burnham also played a vital role by promoting both the Burntwater style and a "Germantown Revival" style.

Regional Rug Period

During the Regional Rug Period, which lasted from the late 19th century to the mid-20th century, different regional styles and designs emerged in Navajo rug weaving. Some of these styles include Germantown, Crystal Revival, Chinle, Wide Ruins, Ganado, and Two Grey Hills.

This period saw the use of commercially spun wool yarn and machine-spun plied cotton string in weaving. The Revival Period within this era reintroduced vegetable dyes and featured rugs with stylized Classic or semi-classic designs.

After World War II, during the Modern Period of Navajo rug weaving, regional styles continued to develop along with non-traditional designs.

Navajo Rug Appraisal

Navajo rug appraisal is the process of determining the value and authenticity of Navajo rugs. This involves assessing various factors such as age, condition, quality of craftsmanship, materials used, and design complexity.

Experienced appraisers consider these elements to determine the market value of a Navajo rug. They also take into account historical significance and cultural importance when evaluating the rug.

The commercial production of Navajo rugs has allowed for different styles to emerge over time, making each piece unique. Appraisal helps buyers and collectors understand the true worth of a Navajo rug before purchasing or selling it.

Conclusion

In conclusion, Navajo rugs have a rich history and play an important role in the Navajo culture. These handwoven textiles are made with care and skill using traditional techniques passed down through generations.

From gathering wool to weaving intricate designs, the process of creating a Navajo rug is a labor of love that reflects the artistry and craftsmanship of the Navajo people.

FAQs

1. What materials are used to make Navajo rugs?

Navajo rugs are made using wool from sheep, which is cleaned, carded, spun into yarn, and dyed with natural or synthetic dyes.

2. How are Navajo rugs woven?

Navajo rugs are woven on a vertical loom using a technique called "slit weave." The weaver passes the weft strands of yarn over and under the warp threads to create intricate patterns and designs.

3. How long does it take to make a Navajo rug?

The time required to complete a Navajo rug varies depending on its size, complexity of design, and the skill level of the weaver. It can take anywhere from several weeks to several months or even years.

4. Are all Navajo rugs made by hand?

Yes, traditionally, Navajo rugs are made entirely by hand without the use of machines. Each rug is unique and reflects the artistic vision and skills of the individual weaver.